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What are sinuses? Causes, symptoms and best ways to treat them
05th July, 2026 01:18 PM
A blocked nose, pressure around the eyes and a headache that worsens when bending down are often dismissed as signs of a stubborn cold. However, these symptoms can point to a problem in the sinuses, the small air-filled spaces found behind the forehead, cheeks, and around the eyes.
The sinuses are connected to the inside of the nose and help produce mucus, which traps dust, germs and other particles before they reach the lungs. Under normal conditions, mucus drains easily through the nose and throat. But when the lining of the sinuses becomes swollen, drainage is blocked, and mucus begins to build up. This condition is known as sinusitis, commonly referred to as a sinus infection.
According to the NHS guide, sinusitis is usually caused by an infection and often develops after a cold or flu. The swelling can make the face feel heavy, leaving a person with discomfort around the cheeks, forehead, eyes or nose.
Why sinus problems develop
Most cases begin with a viral infection, especially the common cold. When the nasal passages become inflamed, mucus cannot flow freely, creating an environment where germs can multiply. Allergies can also trigger sinus problems by causing repeated swelling inside the nose.
Other factors include exposure to cigarette smoke, dust, polluted air and strong scents. Some people may also have structural issues inside the nose, such as a deviated septum or nasal polyps, which can make it harder for mucus to drain. The CDC’s sinus infection guidance notes that smoking, second-hand smoke, seasonal allergies and a weakened immune system can raise the risk of sinus infections.
Sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose to become inflamed and swollen. This interferes with drainage and causes mucus to build up.
Signs to watch for
Sinusitis may cause a blocked or runny nose, thick yellow or green mucus, facial pain or pressure, headache, reduced sense of smell and a cough caused by mucus dripping down the throat. Some people may also experience tooth pain, bad breath, tiredness, ear pressure or fever.
Mayo Clinic explains these symptoms can feel similar to a cold, but the difference is often how long they last and whether they improve. A simple cold usually begins to settle within a few days. Sinus symptoms that continue for more than 10 days, worsen after seeming to improve, or keep returning may need medical attention.
Sinusitis lasting longer than 12 weeks is considered chronic. This may require further assessment to identify allergies, nasal polyps or other conditions that are keeping the sinuses inflamed.
Managing symptoms at home
Many sinus infections improve without antibiotics because viruses cause most cases. Rest, drinking enough fluids and using a warm compress over the forehead and nose can help ease facial pressure. Steam from a warm shower may also help loosen mucus.
Saline nasal sprays or rinses can clear the nasal passages and support drainage. Pain relievers may help with headaches and facial discomfort, while steroid nasal sprays may be recommended for swelling, especially when allergies are involved.
Antibiotics should not be taken automatically. The CDC says they do not work against viral infections and may cause unnecessary side effects when they are not needed.
Medical care is important if there is severe facial pain, swelling or redness around the eyes, a persistent high fever, confusion, double vision or a stiff neck. These signs are uncommon but may point to a more serious infection that needs urgent treatment.
