The silent blood cancer: Understanding leukaemia causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options
By Katemarthason Okudo, June 16, 2026Leukaemia is a blood cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. It usually begins when the body produces abnormal white blood cells that grow uncontrollably and crowd out healthy cells, making it harder for the body to fight infections, carry oxygen, and control bleeding .
Leukaemia starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.
Causes of leukaemia
The exact cause of leukaemia is not always known, but it is linked to genetic mutations in blood-forming cells. According to Mayo Clinic,these changes can happen spontaneously or be triggered by exposure to high levels of radiation, certain chemicals like benzene, previous cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, and some viral infections. Family history may also play a small role in increasing risk .
Signs and symptoms
Leukaemia often develops slowly, and early signs may be mistaken for common illnesses. Symptoms include frequent infections, persistent fatigue, unexplained fever, easy bruising or bleeding, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, and bone or joint pain.
Some people may also experience night sweats and shortness of breath due to low red blood cell levels.
Risk factors
While anyone can develop leukaemia, certain factors increase risk. These include older age, smoking, previous cancer treatment, exposure to radiation or industrial chemicals, and genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. A weakened immune system can also make the body more vulnerable.
Diagnosis and tests
Doctors diagnose leukaemia through blood tests that check for abnormal white blood cells. A bone marrow biopsy is often done to confirm the condition. Imaging tests and genetic testing may also be used to determine the type and progression of the disease.
Management and treatment
Treatment depends on the type of leukaemia but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation. The goal is to destroy abnormal cells and restore normal blood production. Treatment is often long-term and requires close medical supervision.
Prevention and cure
There is no guaranteed way to prevent leukaemia, but reducing exposure to known risk factors like tobacco smoke and harmful chemicals can lower risk. Regular medical check-ups may help in early detection. While some types of leukaemia can be cured, especially when detected early, others can be managed effectively for long periods with treatment.
Health experts emphasise early diagnosis. As noted by WHO, “Early detection and access to appropriate treatment significantly improve survival outcomes in blood cancers.”
Leukaemia remains a serious but increasingly treatable condition when identified early and managed properly.