How herpes spreads and how to reduce your risk
By Cynthia Lodite, June 30, 2026Herpes simplex virus (HSV), known as herpes, is a common infection that can cause painful blisters or ulcers. It primarily spreads by skin-to-skin contact. It is treatable but not curable.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), there are two types of herpes simplex virus.
“Type 1 (HSV-1) mostly spreads by oral contact and causes infections in or around the mouth (oral herpes or cold sores). It can also cause genital herpes. Most adults are infected with HSV-1. Type 2 (HSV-2) spreads by sexual contact and causes genital herpes,” the WHO states.
In a WHO report, most people have no symptoms or only mild symptoms, and the infection can cause painful blisters or ulcers that can recur over time.
WHO further confirms that Medicines can reduce symptoms but can not cure the infection.
While recurrent symptoms of both oral and genital herpes may be distressing, genital herpes may also be stigmatising and have an impact on sexual relationships.
Symptoms
Most people with herpes have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. Many people aren’t aware they have the infection and can pass along the virus to others without knowing.
Symptoms can include painful, recurring blisters or ulcers. New infections may cause fever, body aches and swollen lymph nodes.
Symptoms may be different during the first episode (or ‘outbreak’) of infection than during a recurrent episode. If symptoms occur, they often begin with tingling, itching or burning near where the sores will appear.
Common oral herpes symptoms include blisters (cold sores) or open sores (ulcers) in or around the mouth or lips.
Common genital herpes symptoms include bumps, blisters, or open sores (ulcers) around the genitals or anus.
These sores and blisters are typically painful. Blisters may break open, ooze and then crust over.
How can you reduce your risk?
Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent herpes, several measures can significantly lower the risk of infection.
Use condoms consistently. Condoms reduce the risk of transmission during sexual activity, although they do not provide complete protection because herpes can affect skin that is not covered.
Avoid sexual contact during outbreaks. If you or your partner have visible sores, blisters, or experience tingling or burning sensations that signal an outbreak, avoid oral, vaginal, and anal sex until the sores have fully healed.
Talk openly with your partner. Honest conversations about sexual health, previous STI testing, and herpes status help couples make informed decisions about protection.
Consider antiviral medication. People diagnosed with herpes may be prescribed daily antiviral medication to reduce outbreaks and lower the likelihood of transmitting the virus to partners. Treatment should always be discussed with a healthcare provider.
Get tested when appropriate. If you develop symptoms such as painful blisters, sores, or unexplained genital discomfort, seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis can help with symptom management and reduce the risk of spreading the infection.
Avoid direct contact with cold sores. Refrain from kissing or engaging in oral sex if you or your partner has an active cold sore.